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磁盘分区时需要使用以下两命令：
一、查看目前磁盘使用情况
一个已经分好区的磁盘sda和一个未使用的磁盘sdb，
二、创建磁盘分区
以硬盘设备文件名为参数执行fdisk命令，进入到交互式的分区管理界面中，就可以对相应的硬盘进行创建、删除、更改分区等操作
[root@justin ~]# fdisk /dev/sdbDevice contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabelBuilding a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x9adeb999.Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to sectors (command 'u').Command (m for help):
在操作界面中的“Command (m for help):”提示符后，用户可以输入特定的分区操作指令，完成各项分区管理任务。例如输入“m”指令后，可以查看各种操作指令的帮助信息。
Command (m for help): mCommand action a toggle a bootable flag b edit bsd disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag d delete a partition l list known partition types m print this menu n add a new partition o create a new empty DOS partition table p print the partition table q quit without saving changes s create a new empty Sun disklabel t change a partition's system id u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit x extra functionality (experts only)Command (m for help):
创建一个新的分区
Command (m for help): n ;创建一个新的分区Command action e extended ;扩展分区 p primary partition (1-4) ;主分区，主分区最多只能4个p ;创建主分区Partition number (1-4): 1 ;指定主分区号First cylinder (1-1044, default 1): ;指定第一个柱面，直接回车使用默认Using default value 1 ;Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1044, default 1044): +3G ;指定分区大小Command (m for help): 创建好分区后可以通过命令p查看分区情况
Command (m for help): pDisk /dev/sdb: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisk identifier: 0x9adeb999 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sdb1 1 393 3156741 83 LinuxCommand (m for help):
通过以上步骤可以继续创建其他主分区，但主分区最多为4个，
创建逻辑分区
创建扩展分区：
创建逻辑分区前必须创建扩展分区，且此时需要把所有空间分配给扩展分区
Command (m for help): nCommand action e extended p primary partition (1-4)ePartition number (1-4): 4First cylinder (394-1044, default 394):Using default value 394Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (394-1044, default 1044):Using default value 1044Command (m for help): pDisk /dev/sdb: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisk identifier: 0x9adeb999 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sdb1 1 393 3156741 83 Linux/dev/sdb4 394 1044 5229157+ 5 ExtendedCommand (m for help): 创建逻辑分区：
扩展分区创建好之后，接着就可以创建逻辑分区。在创建逻辑分区的时候不需要指定分区编号，系统将会自动从5开始顺序编号
Command (m for help): nCommand action l logical (5 or over) p primary partition (1-4)lFirst cylinder (394-1044, default 394):Using default value 394Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (394-1044, default 1044): +3GCommand (m for help): pDisk /dev/sdb: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisk identifier: 0x9adeb999 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sdb1 1 393 3156741 83 Linux/dev/sdb4 394 1044 5229157+ 5 Extended/dev/sdb5 394 786 3156741 83 LinuxCommand (m for help): 继续创建一个逻辑分区
Command (m for help): pDisk /dev/sdb: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisk identifier: 0x9adeb999 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sdb1 1 393 3156741 83 Linux/dev/sdb4 394 1044 5229157+ 5 Extended/dev/sdb5 394 786 3156741 83 Linux/dev/sdb6 787 1044 2072353+ 83 LinuxCommand (m for help):
分区创建好需要保存退出（w）或者放弃编辑退出（q）
Command (m for help): wThe partition table has been altered!Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.Syncing disks.[root@justin ~]#
新分区需要重启启动或者执行partprobe命令使其生效
[root@justin ~]# partprobe /dev/sdb[root@justin ~]#
格式化、挂载分区
创建好的分区需要格式化和挂载才能正常使用
格式化分区
[root@justin ~]# mkfs -V -t ext4 -c /dev/sdb1[root@justin ~]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb5[root@justin ~]# mkfs -t vfat /dev/sdb6
挂载分区
在安装Linux系统的过程中，自动建立或识别的分区通常会由系统自动完成挂载，如“/”分区、“boot”分区等，对于后来新增加的硬盘分区、优盘、光盘等设备，就必须由管理员手动进行挂载。挂载一个分区时，必须为其指定一个目录作为挂载点，用户通过这个目录就可以访问设备中的文件、目录数据
[root@justin ~]# mkdir /mnt/{sdb1,sdb5,sdb6}[root@justin ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/sdb1[root@justin ~]# mount /dev/sdb5 /mnt/sdb5[root@justin ~]# mount /dev/sdb6 /mnt/sdb6[root@justin ~]# df -Th文件系统 类型 容量 已用 可用 已用%% 挂载点/dev/sda2 ext4 9.9G 2.7G 6.7G 29% /tmpfs tmpfs 504M 0 504M 0% /dev/shm/dev/sda1 ext4 194M 27M 158M 15% /boot/dev/sda5 ext4 7.7G 147M 7.2G 2% /home/dev/sdb1 ext4 3.0G 69M 2.8G 3% /mnt/sdb1/dev/sdb5 ext4 3.0G 69M 2.8G 3% /mnt/sdb5/dev/sdb6 vfat 2.0G 4.0K 2.0G 1% /mnt/sdb6[root@justin ~]# vim /etc/fstabproc /proc proc defaults 0 0/dev/sdb1 /mnt/sdb1 ext4 defaults 0 0/dev/sdb5 /mnt/sdb5 ext4 defaults 0 0/dev/sdb6 /mnt/sdb6 vfat defaults 0 0 Tips:如果需要删除已创建好的分区，可以在fdisk命令操作界面中使用“d”指令将指定的分区删除，根据提示输入需要删除的分区序号即可。在删除时建议从最后一个分区开始进行删除，以免fdisk识别的分区序号发生紊乱。另外，如果扩展分区被删除，则扩展分区之下的逻辑分区也将同时被删除
Tips:格式化分区时候出现以下报错，是因为扩展分区不能格式化，需要在创建成逻辑分区
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb4 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)mkfs.ext4: inode_size (128) * inodes_count (0) too big for a filesystem with 0 blocks, specify higher inode_ratio (-i) or lower inode count (-N).[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb4 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)mkfs.ext4: inode_size (128) * inodes_count (0) too big for a filesystem with 0 blocks, specify higher inode_ratio (-i) or lower inode count (-N).[root@localhost ~]#
大于2T分区创建
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -lDisk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisk identifier: 0x00047e01 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 LinuxPartition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary./dev/sda2 26 2115 16777216 82 Linux swap / Solaris/dev/sda3 2115 13055 87874560 83 LinuxDisk /dev/sdb: 2089.1 GB, 2089072092160 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 253981 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisk identifier: 0x00000000[root@localhost ~]# parted /dev/sdb #parted>select sdb 假设磁盘为sdb GNU Parted 2.1Using /dev/sdbWelcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.(parted) mklabel gpt #将MBR磁盘格式化为GPT，mklabel msdos 将GPT磁盘转化为MBR磁盘 (parted) print Model: VMware Virtual disk (scsi)Disk /dev/sdb: 2089GBSector size (logical/physical): 512B/512BPartition Table: gptNumber Start End Size File system Name Flags(parted) mkpart primary 0 2089GB #划分一个起始位置为0，全部的2089G的主分区，mkpart primary 0 -1 将整块磁盘分成一个分区 Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance.Ignore/Cancel? I (parted) printModel: VMware Virtual disk (scsi)Disk /dev/sdb: 2089GBSector size (logical/physical): 512B/512BPartition Table: gptNumber Start End Size File system Name Flags 1 17.4kB 2089GB 2089GB primary(parted) quit Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab. [root@localhost ~]# df -Th Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on/dev/sda3 ext4 83G 3.4G 75G 5% /tmpfs tmpfs 3.9G 72K 3.9G 1% /dev/shm/dev/sda1 ext4 190M 39M 142M 22% /boot[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -lDisk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisk identifier: 0x00047e01 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 LinuxPartition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary./dev/sda2 26 2115 16777216 82 Linux swap / Solaris/dev/sda3 2115 13055 87874560 83 LinuxWARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sdb'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted.Disk /dev/sdb: 2089.1 GB, 2089072092160 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 253981 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sdb1 1 253982 2040109464+ ee GPT[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 -F /dev/sdb1 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)Filesystem label=OS type: LinuxBlock size=4096 (log=2)Fragment size=4096 (log=2)Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks127508480 inodes, 510027357 blocks25501367 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super userFirst data block=0Maximum filesystem blocks=429496729615565 block groups32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group8192 inodes per groupSuperblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968, 102400000, 214990848Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: doneThis filesystem will be automatically checked every 31 mounts or180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.[root@localhost ~]# df -ThFilesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on/dev/sda3 ext4 83G 3.4G 75G 5% /tmpfs tmpfs 3.9G 72K 3.9G 1% /dev/shm/dev/sda1 ext4 190M 39M 142M 22% /boot[root@localhost opt]# mkdir /app[root@localhost opt]# mount /dev/sdbsdb sdb1 [root@localhost opt]# mount /dev/sdb1 /opt/[root@localhost opt]# df -ThFilesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on/dev/sda3 ext4 83G 3.4G 75G 5% /tmpfs tmpfs 3.9G 72K 3.9G 1% /dev/shm/dev/sda1 ext4 190M 39M 142M 22% /boot/dev/sdb1 ext4 1.9T 67M 1.8T 1% /opt[root@localhost opt]# cd /opt/[root@localhost opt]# lslost+found[root@localhost opt]# umount /optumount: /opt: device is busy. (In some cases useful info about processes that use the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))[root@localhost opt]# cd ..[root@localhost /]# cd ..[root@localhost /]# umount /opt[root@localhost /]# cd /opt/[root@localhost opt]# lsrh[root@localhost opt]# mount -t ext4 /dev/sdb1 /app/[root@localhost opt]# df -ThFilesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on/dev/sda3 ext4 83G 3.4G 75G 5% /tmpfs tmpfs 3.9G 72K 3.9G 1% /dev/shm/dev/sda1 ext4 190M 39M 142M 22% /boot/dev/sdb1 ext4 1.9T 67M 1.8T 1% /app[root@localhost opt]# blkiblkid blkiomon [root@localhost opt]# blkid /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb1: UUID="452d68c5-58e3-41aa-979c-2ce38b31050f" TYPE="ext4" [root@localhost opt]# cat /etc/fstab UUID="452d68c5-58e3-41aa-979c-2ce38b31050f" /app ext4 defaults 0 0[root@localhost opt]# df -ThFilesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on/dev/sda3 ext4 83G 3.5G 75G 5% /tmpfs tmpfs 3.9G 72K 3.9G 1% /dev/shm/dev/sda1 ext4 190M 39M 142M 22% /boot/dev/sdb1 ext4 1.9T 67M 1.8T 1% /app[root@localhost opt]#
dumpe2fs用来查询文件系统状态
[root@zhaolei-10 ~]# dumpe2fs -h /dev/mapper/VolGroup-LogVol00dumpe2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)Filesystem volume name:Last mounted on: /Filesystem UUID: 649401be-04d1-4535-9797-aadc1a500437Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isizeFilesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: user_xattr aclFilesystem state: cleanErrors behavior: ContinueFilesystem OS type: LinuxInode count: 31645696Block count: 126563328Reserved block count: 6326236Free blocks: 68305331Free inodes: 6694476First block: 0Block size: 4096Fragment size: 4096Reserved GDT blocks: 993Blocks per group: 32768Fragments per group: 32768Inodes per group: 8192Inode blocks per group: 512Flex block group size: 16Filesystem created: Thu Jun 26 19:34:35 2014Last mount time: Sat Jul 7 11:44:47 2018Last write time: Sun Jul 3 17:21:36 2016Mount count: 33Maximum mount count: -1Last checked: Thu Jun 26 19:34:35 2014Check interval: 0 ( )Lifetime writes: 1788 GBReserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)First inode: 11Inode size: 256Required extra isize: 28Desired extra isize: 28Journal inode: 8Default directory hash: half_md4Directory Hash Seed: 7c444e29-c6bb-40b5-8cc7-647af7e07773Journal backup: inode blocksJournal features: journal_incompat_revokeJournal size: 128MJournal length: 32768Journal sequence: 0x01b7599aJournal start: 28573[root@zhaolei-10 ~]#
选项 描述
-b 打印文件系统中的坏块-o 不常用，检查严重损坏文件系统时指定-f 强制显示所有信息，即便dumpe2fs对有些文件系统功能标识不能识别。- i 显示image文件系统信息。device指定image文件的路径-h 只显示超级块信息-x 将已分组的块的数量用十六进制显示-v 显示dumpe2fs的版本号并推出df和du用来查文件系统大小，fsck文件系统修复，dumpe2fs查看文件系统状态
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